http://www.recitequran.com/tafsir/en.ibn-kathir/9:1
9
At-Tawbah
The Repentance
Ibn Kathir - English
Verse
1
Page 187
Which Was Revealed in Al-Madinah
﴿ بَرَآءَةٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦۤ إِلَى ٱلَّذِينَ عَـٰهَدتُّم مِّنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ •
فَسِيحُواْ فِى ٱلۡأَرۡضِ أَرۡبَعَةَ أَشۡہُرٍ۬ وَٱعۡلَمُوٓاْ أَنَّكُمۡ
غَيۡرُ مُعۡجِزِى ٱللَّهِۙ وَأَنَّ ٱللَّهَ مُخۡزِى ٱلۡكَـٰفِرِينَ ﴾
(1.
Freedom from (all) obligations (is declared) from Allah and His
Messenger (peace be upon him) to those of the Mushrikin (idolaters),
with whom you made a treaty.) (2. So travel freely (O Mushrikin) for
four months (as you will) throughout the land, but know that you cannot
escape (from the punishment of) Allah; and Allah will disgrace the
disbelievers.)
Why there is no Basmalah in the Beginning of This Surah
This
honorable Surah (chapter 9) was one of the last Surahs to be revealed
to the Messenger of Allah . Al-Bukhari recorded that Al-Bara' said, "The
last Ayah to be revealed was,
﴿ يَسۡتَفۡتُونَكَ قُلِ ٱللَّهُ يُفۡتِيڪُمۡ فِى ٱلۡكَلَـٰلَةِۚ ﴾
(They
ask you for a legal verdict. Say: "Allah directs (thus) about
Al-Kalalah.'') (4:176), while the last Surah to be revealed was
Bara'ah.'' The Basmalah was not mentioned in the beginning of this Surah
because the Companions did not write it in the complete copy of the
Qur'an (Mushaf) they collected, following the Commander of the faithful,
`Uthman bin `Affan, may Allah be pleased with him. The first part of
this honorable Surah was revealed to the Messenger of Allah when he
returned from the battle of Tabuk, during the Hajj season, which the
Prophet thought about attending. But he remembered that the idolators
would still attend that Hajj, as was usual in past years, and that they
perform Tawaf around the House while naked. He disliked to associate
with them and sent Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, to
lead Hajj that year and show the people their rituals, commanding him
to inform the idolators that they would not be allowed to participate in
Hajj after that season. He commanded him to proclaim,
﴿ بَرَآءَةٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦۤ ﴾
(Freedom
from (all) obligations (is declared) from Allah and His Messenger...),
to the people. When Abu Bakr had left, the Messenger sent `Ali bin Abu
Talib to be the one to deliver this news to the idolators on behalf of
the Messenger , for he was the Messenger's cousin. We will mention this
story later.
Publicizing the Disavowal of the Idolators
Allah said,
﴿ بَرَآءَةٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦۤ ﴾
(Freedom
from obligations from Allah and His Messenger), is a declaration of
freedom from all obligations from Allah and His Messenger,
﴿ إِلَى ٱلَّذِينَ عَـٰهَدتُّم مِّنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ • فَسِيحُواْ فِى ٱلۡأَرۡضِ أَرۡبَعَةَ أَشۡہُرٍ۬ ﴾
(to
those of the Mushrikin, with whom you made a treaty. So travel freely
(Mushrikin) for four months (as you will) throughout the land) (9:1-2).
This Ayah refers to idolators who had indefinite treaties and those,
whose treaties with Muslims ended in less than four months. The terms of
these treaties were restricted to four months only. As for those whose
term of peace ended at a specific date later (than the four months),
then their treaties would end when their terms ended, no matter how long
afterwards, for Allah said,
﴿ فَأَتِمُّوٓاْ إِلَيۡهِمۡ عَهۡدَهُمۡ إِلَىٰ مُدَّتِہِمۡۚ ﴾
(So
fulfill their treaty for them until the end of their term) (9:4). So
whoever had a covenant with Allah's Messenger then it would last until
its period expired, this was reported from Muhammad bin Ka`b Al-Qurazi
and others. We will also mention a Hadith on this matter. Abu Ma`shar
Al-Madani said that Muhammad bin Ka`b Al-Qurazi and several others said,
"The Messenger of Allah sent Abu Bakr to lead the Hajj rituals on the
ninth year (of Hijrah). He also sent `Ali bin Abi Talib with thirty or
forty Ayat from Bara'ah (At-Tawbah), and he recited them to the people,
giving the idolators four months during which they freely move about in
the land. He recited these Ayat on the day of `Arafah (ninth of
Dhul-Hijjah). The idolators were given twenty more days (till the end)
of Dhul-Hijjah, Muharram, Safar, Rabi` Al-Awwal and ten days from Rabi`
Ath-Thani. He proclaimed to them in their camping areas, `No Mushrik
will be allowed to perform Hajj after this year, nor a naked person to
perform Tawaf around the House.''' So Allah said,
﴿
وَأَذَٲنٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦۤ إِلَى ٱلنَّاسِ يَوۡمَ ٱلۡحَجِّ
ٱلۡأَڪۡبَرِ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ بَرِىٓءٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَۙ وَرَسُولُهُ
ۥۚ فَإِن تُبۡتُمۡ فَهُوَ خَيۡرٌ۬ لَّڪُمۡۖ وَإِن تَوَلَّيۡتُمۡ
فَٱعۡلَمُوٓاْ أَنَّكُمۡ غَيۡرُ مُعۡجِزِى ٱللَّهِۗ وَبَشِّرِ ٱلَّذِينَ
كَفَرُواْ بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ ﴾
(3.
And a declaration from Allah and His Messenger to mankind on the
greatest day of Hajj that Allah is free from obligations to the
Mushrikin and so is His Messenger. So if you repent, it is better for
you, but if you turn away, then know that you cannot escape Allah. And
give tidings of a painful torment for those who disbelieve.)
Allah says, this is a declaration,
﴿ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦۤ ﴾
(from Allah and His Messenger), and a preface warning to the people,
﴿ يَوۡمَ ٱلۡحَجِّ ٱلۡأَڪۡبَرِ ﴾
(on
the greatest day of Hajj), the day of Sacrifice, the best and most
apparent day of the Hajj rituals, during which the largest gathering
confers.
﴿ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ بَرِىٓءٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَۙ وَرَسُولُهُ ۥۚ ﴾
(that
Allah is free from (all) obligations to the Mushrikin and so is His
Messenger.) also free from all obligations to them. Allah next invites
the idolators to repent,
﴿ فَإِن تُبۡتُمۡ ﴾
(So if you repent), from the misguidance and Shirk you indulge in,
﴿ فَهُوَ خَيۡرٌ۬ لَّڪُمۡۖ وَإِن تَوَلَّيۡتُمۡ ﴾
(it is better for you, but if you turn away), and persist on your ways,
﴿ فَٱعۡلَمُوٓاْ أَنَّكُمۡ غَيۡرُ مُعۡجِزِى ٱللَّهِۗ ﴾
(then
know that you cannot escape Allah) Rather, Allah is capable over you,
and you are all in His grasp, under His power and will,
﴿ وَبَشِّرِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ ﴾
(And
give tidings of a painful torment for those who disbelieve) earning
them disgrace and affliction in this life and the torment of chains and
barbed iron bars in the Hereafter. Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Hurayrah
said, "Abu Bakr sent me during that Hajj with those dispatched on the
day of Sacrifice to declare in Mina that no Mushrik will be allowed to
attend Hajj after that year, nor will a naked person be allowed to
perform Tawaf.'' Humayd said, "The Prophet then sent `Ali bin Abi Talib
and commanded him to announce Bara'ah.'' Abu Hurayrah said, "Ali
publicized Bara'ah with us to the gathering in Mina on the day of
Sacrifice, declaring that no Mushrik shall perform Hajj after that year,
nor shall a naked person perform Tawaf around the House.'' Al-Bukhari
also collected this Hadith the this narration of which, Abu Hurayrah
said, "On the day of Nahr, Abu Bakr sent me along with other announcers
to Mina to make a public announcement that `No pagan is allowed to
perform Hajj after this year, and no naked person is allowed to perform
the Tawaf around the Ka`bah.' Abu Bakr was leading the people in that
Hajj season, and in the year of `The Farewell Hajj' when the Prophet
performed Hajj, no Mushrik performed Hajj.''' This is the narration that
Al-Bukhari recorded in the Book on Jihad. Muhammad bin Ishaq reported a
narration from Abu Ja`far Muhammad bin `Ali bin Al-Husayn who said,
"When Bara'ah was revealed to Allah's Messenger , and he had sent Abu
Bakr to oversee the Hajj rites for the people, he was asked, `O
Messenger of Allah! Why not send this (message) to Abu Bakr' So he said,
« لَا يُؤَدِّي عَنِّي إِلَّا رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِي »
(It will not be accepted to have been from me if it is not from a man from my family.) Then he called for `Ali and said to him,
«
اخْرُجْ بِهذِهِ الْقِصَّةِ مِنْ صَدْرِ بَرَاءَةَ وَأَذِّنْ فِي النَّاسِ
يَوْمَ النَّحْرِ إِذَا اجْتَمَعُوا بِمِنًى، أَنَّهُ لَا يَدْخُلُ
الْجَنَّةَ كَافِرٌ، وَلَا يَحُجُّ بَعْدَ الْعَامِ مُشْرِكٌ، وَلَا
يَطُوفُ بِالْبَيْتِ عُرْيَانٌ، وَمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللهِ
صلى الله عليه وسلّم عَهْدٌ فَهُوَ لَهُ إِلَى مُدَّتِه »
(Take
this section from the beginning of Bara'ah and proclaim to the people
on the day of the Sacrifice while they are gathered at Mina that no
disbeliever will enter Paradise, no idolator will be permitted to
perform Hajj after the year, there will be no Tawaf while naked, and
whoever has a covenant with Allah's Messenger, then it shall be valid
until the time of its expiration.) `Ali rode the camel of Allah's
Messenger named Al-`Adba' until he caught up with Abu Bakr in route.
When Abu Bakr saw him he said, `Are you here as a commander or a
follower.' `Ali replied, `A follower.' They continued on. Abu Bakr lead
the people in Hajj while the Arabs were camping in their normal
locations from Jahiliyyah. On the day of Sacrifice, `Ali bin Abi Talib
stood and proclaimed, `O people! No disbeliever will be admitted into
Paradise, no idolator will be permitted to perform Hajj next year, there
shall be no Tawaf while naked, and whoever has a covenant with Allah's
Messenger , then it shall be valid until its time of expiration.' So no
idolator performed Hajj after that year, Tawaf around the House while
naked ceased. Then they returned to Allah's Messenger . So this was the
declaration of innocence, whoever among the idolators had no treaty,
then he had a treaty of peace for one year, if he had a particular
treaty, then it was valid until its date of expiration.''
﴿
إِلَّا ٱلَّذِينَ عَـٰهَدتُّم مِّنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ ثُمَّ لَمۡ
يَنقُصُوكُمۡ شَيۡـًٔ۬ا وَلَمۡ يُظَـٰهِرُواْ عَلَيۡكُمۡ أَحَدً۬ا
فَأَتِمُّوٓاْ إِلَيۡهِمۡ عَهۡدَهُمۡ إِلَىٰ مُدَّتِہِمۡۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ
يُحِبُّ ٱلۡمُتَّقِينَ ﴾
(4.
Except those of the Mushrikin with whom you have a treaty, and who have
not subsequently failed you in aught, nor have supported anyone against
you. So fulfill their treaty for them until the end of their term.
Surely, Allah loves those who have Taqwa.)
Existing Peace Treaties remained valid until the End of Their Term
This
is an exception regulating the longest extent of time for those who
have a general treaty - with out time mentioned - to four months. They
would have four months to travel the lands in search of sanctuary for
themselves wherever they wish. Those whose treaty mentioned a specific
limited term, then the longest it would extend was to the point of its
agreed upon termination date. Hadiths in this regard preceded. So anyone
who had a treaty with Allah's Messenger , it lasted until its specific
termination date. However, those in this category were required to
refrain from breaking the terms of the agreement with Muslims and from
helping non-Muslims against Muslims. This is the type whose peace
agreement with Muslims was carried out to its end. Allah encouraged
honoring such peace treaties, saying,
﴿ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحِبُّ ٱلۡمُتَّقِينَ ﴾
(Surely, Allah loves those who have Taqwa) (9:4), who keep their promises.
﴿
فَإِذَا ٱنسَلَخَ ٱلۡأَشۡہُرُ ٱلۡحُرُمُ فَٱقۡتُلُواْ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ
حَيۡثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمۡ وَخُذُوهُمۡ وَٱحۡصُرُوهُمۡ وَٱقۡعُدُواْ لَهُمۡ
ڪُلَّ مَرۡصَدٍ۬ۚ فَإِن تَابُواْ وَأَقَامُواْ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَءَاتَوُاْ
ٱلزَّڪَوٰةَ فَخَلُّواْ سَبِيلَهُمۡۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌ۬ رَّحِيمٌ۬ ﴾
(5.
So when the Sacred Months have passed, then fight the Mushrikin
wherever you find them, and capture them and besiege them, and lie in
wait for them in each and every ambush. But if they repent and perform
the Salah, and give the Zakah, then leave their way free. Verily, Allah
is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.)
This is the Ayah of the Sword
Mujahid,
`Amr bin Shu`ayb, Muhammad bin Ishaq, Qatadah, As-Suddi and
`Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said that the four months mentioned in
this Ayah are the four-month grace period mentioned in the earlier Ayah,
﴿ فَسِيحُواْ فِى ٱلۡأَرۡضِ أَرۡبَعَةَ أَشۡہُرٍ۬ ﴾
(So travel freely for four months throughout the land.) Allah said next,
﴿ فَإِذَا ٱنسَلَخَ ٱلۡأَشۡہُرُ ٱلۡحُرُمُ ﴾
(So
when the Sacred Months have passed...), meaning, `Upon the end of the
four months during which We prohibited you from fighting the idolators,
and which is the grace period We gave them, then fight and kill the
idolators wherever you may find them.' Allah's statement next,
﴿ فَٱقۡتُلُواْ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ حَيۡثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمۡ ﴾
(then fight the Mushrikin wherever you find them), means, on the earth in general, except for the Sacred Area, for Allah said,
﴿ وَلَا تُقَـٰتِلُوهُمۡ عِندَ ٱلۡمَسۡجِدِ ٱلۡحَرَامِ حَتَّىٰ يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمۡ فِيهِۖ فَإِن قَـٰتَلُوكُمۡ فَٱقۡتُلُوهُمۡۗ ﴾
(And
fight not with them at Al-Masjid Al-Haram, unless they fight you there.
But if they attack you, then fight them. ) (2:191) Allah said here,
﴿ وَخُذُوهُمۡ ﴾
(and capture them), executing some and keeping some as prisoners,
﴿ وَٱحۡصُرُوهُمۡ وَٱقۡعُدُواْ لَهُمۡ ڪُلَّ مَرۡصَدٍ۬ۚ ﴾
(and
besiege them, and lie in wait for them in each and every ambush), do
not wait until you find them. Rather, seek and besiege them in their
areas and forts, gather intelligence about them in the various roads and
fairways so that what is made wide looks ever smaller to them. This
way, they will have no choice, but to die or embrace Islam,
﴿ فَإِن تَابُواْ وَأَقَامُواْ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَءَاتَوُاْ ٱلزَّڪَوٰةَ فَخَلُّواْ سَبِيلَهُمۡۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌ۬ رَّحِيمٌ۬ ﴾
(But
if they repent and perform the Salah, and give the Zakah, then leave
their way free. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.) Abu Bakr
As-Siddiq used this and other honorable Ayat as proof for fighting
those who refrained from paying the Zakah. These Ayat allowed fighting
people unless, and until, they embrace Islam and implement its rulings
and obligations. Allah mentioned the most important aspects of Islam
here, including what is less important. Surely, the highest elements of
Islam after the Two Testimonials, are the prayer, which is the right of
Allah, the Exalted and Ever High, then the Zakah, which benefits the
poor and needy. These are the most honorable acts that creatures
perform, and this is why Allah often mentions the prayer and Zakah
together. In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Ibn `Umar said that the
Messenger of Allah said,
«
أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ
إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللهِ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ
وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاة »
(I have been
commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity
worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of
Allah, establish the prayer and pay the Zakah.) This honorable Ayah
(9:5) was called the Ayah of the Sword, about which Ad-Dahhak bin
Muzahim said, "It abrogated every agreement of peace between the Prophet
and any idolator, every treaty, and every term.'' Al-`Awfi said that
Ibn `Abbas commented: "No idolator had any more treaty or promise of
safety ever since Surah Bara'ah was revealed. The four months, in
addition to, all peace treaties conducted before Bara'ah was revealed
and announced had ended by the tenth of the month of Rabi` Al-Akhir.''
﴿
وَإِنۡ أَحَدٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ ٱسۡتَجَارَكَ فَأَجِرۡهُ حَتَّىٰ
يَسۡمَعَ كَلَـٰمَ ٱللَّهِ ثُمَّ أَبۡلِغۡهُ مَأۡمَنَهُ ۥۚ ذَٲلِكَ
بِأَنَّہُمۡ قَوۡمٌ۬ لَّا يَعۡلَمُونَ ﴾
(6.
And if anyone of the Mushrikin seeks your protection then grant him
protection so that he may hear the Word of Allah (the Qur'an) and then
escort him to where he can be secure, that is because they are men who
know not.)
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